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Panavision is an American motion picture equipment company founded in specializing in cameras and lenses , based in Woodland Hills, California. Formed by Robert Gottschalk as a small partnership to create anamorphic projection lenses during the widescreen boom in the s, Panavision expanded its product lines to meet the demands of modern filmmakers. The company introduced its first products in Originally a provider of CinemaScope accessories, the company's line of anamorphic widescreen lenses soon became the industry leader.
In , Panavision helped revolutionize filmmaking with the lightweight Panaflex 35 mm movie camera. The company has introduced other cameras such as the Millennium XL and the digital video Genesis Panavision operates exclusively as a rental facility—the company owns its entire inventory, unlike most of its competitors.
Panavision was established principally for the manufacture of anamorphic projection lenses to meet the growing demands of theaters showing CinemaScope films. After it was unsqueezed by a complementary anamorphic optical element, the tank operator could see double the horizontal field of view without significant distortion. Goerz , a New York optics company, for use in their underwater photography.
As widescreen filmmaking became popular, Gottschalk saw an opportunity to provide anamorphic lenses to the film industry—first for projectors , and then for cameras. Nicholson, a friend of Moore, started working as a cameraman on early tests of anamorphic photography. In the s, the motion picture industry was threatened by the advent of television —TV kept moviegoers at home, reducing box office revenues.
Film studios sought to lure audiences to theaters with attractions that television could not provide. These included a revival of color films , three-dimensional films , stereophonic sound , and widescreen movies. Cinerama was one of the first widescreen movie processes of the era. Along with the logistical and financial challenges of tripling equipment usage and cost, the process led to distracting vertical lines between the three projected images. By the time the first CinemaScope movie— The Robe —was announced for production, Gottschalk, Moore and Nicholson had a demo reel of work with their anamorphic underwater system.
Panavision's first product—the Super Panatar [11] projection lens—debuted in March Panavision improved on the Super Panatar with the Ultra Panatar, a lighter design that could be screwed directly to the front of the projection lens. In December , the company created a specialized lens for film laboratories—the Micro Panatar.
When fitted to an optical printer , the Micro Panatar could create "flat" nonanamorphic prints from anamorphic negatives. This allowed films to be distributed to theaters that did not have an anamorphic system installed.
To accomplish this dual platform release strategy before the Micro Panatar, studios would sometimes shoot films with one anamorphic and one spherical camera, allowing nonwidescreen theaters to exhibit the film. The cost savings of eliminating the second camera and making flat prints in post-production with the Micro Panatar were enormous. Another innovation of the era secured Panavision's leading position: the Auto Panatar camera lens for 35 mm anamorphic productions. As the anamorphic process became more popular, it became more problematic.
Panavision invented a solution: adding a rotating lens element that moved in mechanical sync with the focus ring. This eliminated the distortion and allowed for natural close-up anamorphic photography. The Auto Panatar, released in , was rapidly adopted, eventually making CinemaScope lenses obsolete. This innovation earned Panavision the first of its 15 Academy Awards for technical achievement.
Since , Panavision had been working on a new widescreen process commissioned by MGM. The resulting system used the retooled Grandeur 65 mm film camera in conjunction with the APO Panatar lens, which was an integrated anamorphic lens as opposed to a standard prime lens with an anamorphoser mounted on it.
This created a 1. In January , the posters for the 70 mm release of Disney's Sleeping Beauty carried the notation "Process lenses by Panavision" next to the Super Technirama 70 logo.
By , four of Panavision's founders had left the company to pursue private careers. As a result of this liquidation, Panavision acquired MGM's camera equipment division, as well as the rights to the Camera 65 system it had developed for MGM; the technology was renamed Ultra Panavision. The result is a 2. Although Fox insisted on maintaining CinemaScope for a time, some actors disliked the system. In the mids, Gottschalk altered Panavision's business model. The company now maintained its full inventory, making its lenses and the cameras it had acquired from MGM available only by rental.
When Panavision eventually brought its own camera designs to market, it was relatively unconstrained by retrofitting and manufacturing costs, as it was not directly competing on sales price. This allowed Panavision to build cameras to new standards of durability.
The new business model required additional capital. To this end, the company was sold to Banner Productions in , with Gottschalk remaining as president. The first cameras produced by Panavision were Mitchell cameras, and all standard 35mm cameras made by Panavision to this day are based on the Mitchell movement. The effort to develop a lighter, quieter camera with a reflex viewfinder led to the introduction of the Panavision Silent Reflex PSR in Many refinements were made to the PSR during the first few years after its introduction, and it soon became one of the most popular studio cameras in the world.
In , Panavision released a handheld 65 mm camera. In , the last two feature films shot entirely with Super Panavision were released: Song of Norway and Ryan's Daughter. In the decades since, only a handful of films have been shot in 65 mm. Albert Mayer led the next major project: the creation of a lightweight reflex camera adaptable to either handheld or studio conditions.
After four years of development, the Panaflex debuted in A revolutionary camera that operated quietly, the Panaflex eliminated the need for a cumbersome sound blimp , and could synchronize handheld work. The Panaflex also included a digital electronic tachometer and magazine motors for the take-up reel. During the s, the Panaflex line was updated and marketed in new incarnations: the Panaflex X, Panaflex Lightweight for steadicam , the high-speed Panastar, Panaflex Gold, and Panaflex G2.
Panavision came out with a direct competitor to Tiffen 's Steadicam stabilizer, the Panaglide harness. Robert Gottschalk died in at the age of With new ownership came sweeping changes to the company, which had stagnated. Optics testing was computerized and, in , the new Platinum model camera was introduced. The next year—responding to a perceived demand for the resurrection of the 65 mm camera—development began on a new model.
In , the company brought out Primo, a new line of lenses. Designed with a consistent color match between all the different focal-length instruments in the line, these were also the sharpest lenses yet manufactured by Panavision. Six years later, Oscars were awarded to the company and to three of its employees for their work on the Primo zoom lens : Iain Neil for the optical design, Rick Gelbard for the mechanical design, and Eric Dubberke for the lens's engineering.
According to the AMPAS citation, "The high contrast and absence of flare, along with its ability to provide close focusing and to maintain constant image size while changing focus, make the Primo Zoom Lens truly unique. The gauge was not widely readopted, and only two major Hollywood films were shot with the new 65 mm Panavision process: Far and Away and Kenneth Branagh 's Hamlet In , Panavision launched a project to develop a camera that involved rethinking every aspect of the company's existing 35 mm system.
Nolan Murdock and Albert Mayer Sr. It soon established itself as Panavision's new 35mm workhorse. The update to the XL, the XL2 was initially released in The XL series not only had a much smaller camera body—making it suitable for studio, handheld, and steadicam work—but also marked the first significant change to the film transport mechanism in the camera since the Panaflex: two smaller sprocket drums for feed and take-up a design similar to the Moviecam and subsequent Arricam instead of one large drum to do both.
The company operated three rental depots in the UK and was main agent for Panavision in France and Australia. Panavision CEO William C Scott said, "This transaction provides Panavision with a strong platform on which to grow the international side of our business and also completes our company-controlled distribution system in the US.
Additionally, we will immediately expand our presence in key Southeast Asia markets, where television and film activity are expect to grow rapidly. After aborted attempts to create a film-style video camera in the s and s, Panavision joined the digital revolution in July , establishing DHD Ventures in partnership with Sony. The new company's objective was to raise the quality of high definition digital video to the standards of top-level Hollywood motion-picture production. This cooperative venture was established, largely at the instigation of George Lucas , to serve his designs for the Star Wars prequels.
Sony produced the electronics and a stand-alone version of the camera; Panavision supplied custom-designed high definition lenses, trademarked Primo Digital, and retrofitted the camera body to incorporate standard film camera accessories, facilitating the equipment's integration into existing crew equipment as a "digital cinema camera".
The aim was to create a system that could use the entire range of the company's 35 mm spherical lenses. Its Super 35 mm film —sized recording area made it focally compatible with regular 35 mm lenses, giving it a true 35 mm depth of field. The chassis and mechanics were designed by a Panavision team led by Albert Mayer Jr. During the same period, Panavision began acquiring related motion picture companies, including EFILM acquired ; sold to Deluxe in full by , [43] Technovision France , [44] the motion picture camera-rental arm of the Canadian rental house William F.
In return the majority shareholder Ronald Perelman was required to relinquish control of Panavision, and he no longer has any equity in the company. Saban Capital Acquisition Corp.
Panavision 3D was a system for presenting 3-D film in a digital cinema. It was a passive stereoscopic 3D system that utilized spectral comb filters produced using thin-film optics technology. In such systems, the visible spectrum is broken into alternate bands of light that evenly span the entire visible spectrum. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. American motion picture equipment company. Woodland Hills , Los Angeles.
United States. Net income. Main article: Panavision cameras. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Panaflex Users' Manual. Focal Press, ISBN January
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